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<h1>Reconstructive Urology</h1>

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    <p>Reconstructive urology is different from mainstream urology 
because it   is mainly open surgery and depends on a greater than usual 
familiarity   with general surgical and plastic surgical techniques. 
There is a   considerable overlap with female urology in the area of 
complex   incontinence and fistula. There is some overlap with 
paediatric and   adolescent urology in the reconstruction of congenital 
malformations,   and in neuropathic bladder dysfunction, and there is 
some overlap with   urological oncology in the area of bladder 
replacement. There is some   overlap too with andrology in the are of 
penile reconstruction in   congenital and traumatic conditions. <br>
      <br>
      <strong>Problems treated with reconstructive Urology include</strong></p>
    <ul>
      <li> Urethral disruption injuries from pelvic fracture</li>
      <li> Recto-urinary fistulas after prostatectomy or pelvic surgery</li>
      <li> Refractory male urethral strictures</li>
      <li> Radiation-induced urinary fistulas</li>
      <li> Major bladder reconstruction �   urinary diversion, continent
 catherizable stomas (Mitrofanoff, Monti),   neobladder, augmentation 
cystoplasty, MACE (antegrade continent enema)</li>
      <li> Major ureter reconstruction - Boari flap, Psoas hitch, ileal ureter, trans-ureteroureterostomy, complex pyleoplasty</li>
      <li> Vesicovaginal or ureterovaginal fistulas after pelvic surgery</li>
      <li> Male urinary incontinence � artificial urinary sphincter, male sling, bulking agents</li>
      <li> Peyronie�s disease � plaque incision and grafting, penile placation.</li>
    </ul>
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PK 99